– In a tire, a break usually in the shape of an “X”, “Y” or star, which can be seen from the inside of the tire, or a break usually in the shape of an “I” which can be seen from outside of the tire.
LIQUID BALLAST – A liquid solution (usually calcium chloride) placed inside a tire to add unsprung weight.
LOAD INDEX – A numerical code associated with the maximum load a tire can carry at the speed indicated by its speed symbol under specified conditions.
LOAD RANGE – A letter designation (example A, B, C, D, E, etc.) following tire size designation, used to identify a given size tire with its load and inflation limits when used
in a specific type of service, as defined in the Tire and Rim Association, Inc. tables.
LOAD RATING – The maximum load a tire is rated to carry for a given usage at a specified cold inflation pressure.
LOCAL SERVICE – An application in which operation is limited to speeds not to exceed 55 mph for not more than 60 continuous minutes.
LOW PROFILE (ASPECT RATIO) – A tire in which the ratio of cross-section height to section width (80% or less) is lower than that of a conventional tire.
LOW-TEMPERATURE GUM – A rubber compound which cures at a faster rate than fast-cure gum, usually tested at 260°F (127°C) or 200°F (93°C).
LUBRICANT – A substance that lessens or prevents friction or difficulty and
eases release.
LOCK RING – Removable, split rim locking ring that holds rim flange on a multi-piece rim.
LUG – A discontinuous tread element.
LUG REINFORCEMENT – Supporting tie bar or buttress designed to reinforce tread elements.
LUG TEARING – Ripping of the lug, sometimes resulting in removal by violent operation or mechanical interference.
LUX (LX) – A unit of illumination, equivalent to 0.0929 foot-candle and equal to the illumination produced by luminous flux of one lumen falling perpendicularly on a
surface one meter square.
“M” DIAMETER – Diameter at the base of the tread design; matrix undertread diameter.
MANDREL – A curved support inserted in a tire to prevent the casing from collapsing while building and curing a repair.
MANUFACTURER (TIRE) – The name of a company or wholly owned subsidiary making the tire.
MASTER BATCH – Homogeneous mixture of rubber and other materials for use as raw material to produce tread compound.
MATRIX (MATRICES) – Aluminum or steel rings or segments which form the cavity in which the retread is actually cured and from which the tread design is formed.
MATRIX SKIRT – The sidewall flange of the matrix. In a short-skirt matrix, the flange extends from the shoulder to the flow stop, and in a long-skirt matrix, it extends
below the flow stop.
MILL – Machine composed of two large iron or steel counter rotating rolls, used to warm, mix, and blend rubber.
MILLIMETER (mm) – A metric unit of measure. 1 mm = 0.039 inches (or 25.4 mm = 1 inch)
MODULE – Small pressure chamber used in precure systems holding one to four tires at a time.
MODULUS – The force expressed in pounds per square inch (or kilograms per square centimeter) required to stretch a piece of rubber to a given elongation.
MOISTURE BLOWS – Ply separations caused by the expansion of moisture in the casing when heated during curing; usually shows up when removed from matrix.
MOLD – The heated cavity in which tires, retreads, and repairs are vulcanized. Includes the curing chamber, matrices, and adjusting devices.
MOLD BLOW – A porous condition caused by a loss of pressure or under cure.
MOLD CURE RETREAD PROCESS – The fitment and vulcanizing of uncured tread rubber to a properly buffed and sized casing in a mold or matrix system.
MOLD LUBRICANT – Material used as release agent to facilitate removal of the tire from the mold after curing.
MOLD SIZING – Measuring the tire casing to determine proper mold fit. Usually a combination of bead-to-bead or cross section and tire circumference is used.
MOLDING SHRINK – Shrinkage in rubber gauge as the rubber is vulcanized, usually within a 2-3% range.
MONSANTO RHEOMETER (ODR) – Instrument used to determine curing characteristics of rubber compounds.
MOONEY SCORCH – See SCORCH TIME.
MOONEY VISCOSITY – Common expression for uncured compound plasticity measured by a laboratory machine.
NAIL HOLE – See PUNCTURE.
NON-FILL – Failure of rubber to properly fill the matrix during cure, resulting in imperfectly formed tread elements and rounded lug edges.
NON-SKID DEPTH – See TREAD DEPTH.
OFF-CENTER TREAD – A tread that is not symmetrically distributed from the centerline of the casing; or lateral displacement of the tread with respect to the centerline of the casing.
OFF-REGISTER TREAD – A tread with the design off (i.e., not matching up) at the mold parting line either circumferentially or radially.
OPEN SPLICE – Any parting of a splice.
OPTIMUM CURE – That state of cure at which the rubber compound exhibits the most satisfactory physical properties.
ORBITREAD MACHINE – A combined tuber-builder that applies tread rubber to a tire in ribbon form, and in a spiral configuration.
OUT OF ROUND – The eccentricity of a tire or tire and wheel assembly.
OVERALL BUFF WIDTH – The specified amount of buff required to properly fit a tread to a casing.
OVERALL DIAMETER (O.D.) – Measurement of a tire when inflated and mounted on rim. Or, the measurement used to size a buffed tire (while the tire is inflated) usually
checked by using a diameter tape rule.
OVERCURE – Curing in excess of optimum cure. Excessive overcure can result in the deterioration of certain physical properties. See REVERSION.
OVERFLOW – Excessive tread compound at the mold parting line or at the edge of the matrix skirt which should be trimmed or buffed off. See FLASH.
OVER INFLATION – Inflation of a tire beyond the tire’s recommended pressure.
OVERLOADING (TIRE) – A condition in which the vehicle is carrying more weight than the tire is rated to carry at a specific inflation pressure. Tire overloading can be dangerous and is not recommended. However, note that tire load capacity can be increased in certain cases by increased inflation or control to lower speeds. See TIRE
AND RIM ASSOCIATION YEARBOOK.
OXIDATION – The reaction of oxygen with rubber or steel, usually evidenced by a change in the appearance (discoloration) of the surface, a change in physical properties,
corrosion or wire rust.
OZONE – A form of oxygen which accelerates aging and weathering in tires.
OZONE CHECKING – Formation of fine cracks in surface of rubber due to ozone in the environment.
PADDING GUM – Heat resistant rubber used under tread rubber to build up its size for mold fit. See FILLER GUM.
PANTOGRAPHING – Angular movement of diagonal plies in tire shaping or deflecting.
PATCH – See REPAIR UNIT.
PATCH-PLUG – Combination of a patch repair unit and a repair plug. See REPAIR UNIT.
PEAKING – A condition, usually in the cushion, resulting from local material starvation and excessive flow from adjacent areas.
PENETRATION – Damage to a tire caused by a piercing object that may or may not puncture the inner liner of the tire casing.
PERFORATED POLY – Polyfilm that covers the tread to create lubrication between the tread and envelope during curing.
PERFORATION – Damage completely through a tire caused by a piercing object.
PLASTICITY – Resistance of an uncured rubber compound to distort or flow under pressure.
PLASTICIZER – A chemical compound added to natural and synthetic rubber to impart softness, flexibility or resiliency.
PLY (PLIES) – A layer of rubber-coated parallel cords.
PLY ADHESION – Strength of bonding between adjacent plies, usually expressed as the force required to separate them.
PLY RATING – An indication of tire casing strength and load-carrying capacity, expressed as numbers, letters, and/or symbols; does not necessarily represent the number of cord plies in the tire. See LOAD INDEX and LOAD RANGE.
PLY SEPARATION – The loss of adhesion between adjacent plies.
PLY TURN-UP – The part of the body ply that wraps under the bead bundle and ends in the tire sidewall.
PNEUMATIC PRESSURE – Air pressure.
POLYFILM – A thin strip of polyethylene applied to the precure tread surface, after building, that helps to extend the life of an envelope and helps eliminate sticking to the
cushion.
POROSITY – Small air bubbles created when rubber is cured at insufficient pressure and/or time.
POTENTIOMETER – A voltmeter that reads the extremely low voltage developed at the thermocouple junction and thus shows the temperature. Usually read directly in degrees of temperature.
POUNDS PER SQUARE INCH (psi) – A measurement of pressure. 1 psi = 6.895 kPa (or 1 kPa = 0.1450 psi).
PRECURE PROCESS – The process of using precured tread and bonding it to a prepared casing with a thin layer of cushion gum (compound reach in natural rubber). Temperatures used range from 210°F (100°C) to 320°F (161°C).
PRECURED TREAD – Tread which is vulcanized with the tread configuration molded into it prior to being placed on the buffed casing.
PRECURED TREAD CUSHION GUM – A tacky rubber compound used to bond the precured tread to the prepared surface.
PRE-DRYING – Drying of a tire in a heated room, chamber or device to remove moisture before retreading. See DRYER.
PRESS (LOADING) – A machine designed to open and close a matrix, load, and eject retreaded tires.
PRESSURE TREAD – Proprietary system for applying extruded, patterned, uncured tread onto a buffed casing, without use of molds, in a single operation.
PROCESSING – Various stages in the production of a new or retreaded tire.
PROFILE DIE – An extruded die size configuration other than a rectangle.
PROTECTOR PLY/BELT – A ply added primarily to protect the structural belts, which may be removed during retreading (if extensively damaged).
PUNCTURE – A penetration through the tire, made by a small object.
PUNCTURE REPAIR – See REPAIRED TIRE.
PYROMETER – An instrument to measure temperatures, usually by the generation of electric current by a thermocouple when acted on by direct heat or an infrared sensor. Commonly used to measure surface mold temperatures or (if a penetrating needle is used) tread rubber temperatures.
R.A.R. – Returned As Received. A casing rejected for retreading.
RADIAL CRACKING/CRACKS – Cracks in the shoulder or sidewall of a tire, running perpendicular to the beads.
RADIAL PLY – See TIRE, RADIAL
RADIAL RUNOUT – A measure of out-of-roundness; tested by rotating the inflated tire and observing or measuring how far the surface of the tread varies from a true circle.
RADIAL SPLIT – See BREAKS.
RADIAL SPLIT BREAK – A break of the sidewall perpendicular to the beads that has not damaged the cords.
RADIAL TIRE – See TIRE, RADIAL.
RAM EXTRUDER – Hydraulically operated batch loading machine for producing various extruded shapes of rubber.
RASP – A tool with raised points used for removing and texturizing rubber surfaces.
REAM – To clean an injury or hole prior to repair.
RECAPPING – An improper term for retreading. Often refers to process known as “top-capping” in which rubber is applied to tread surface only.
REGULATOR (REDUCING VALVE) – Pressure-regulating device used for controlling steam or air pressure to a desired level.
REGROOVING – The cutting into an existing tread design to a depth greater than that provided by the new tire manufacturer or retreader. 49 CFR Federal Motor Vehicle
Safety Standards Part 569 regulations apply.
REINFORCED SHOULDER REPAIR (RSR) – Procedure guidelines for size selection and placement of repairs for penetrations up to 5/16” in the shoulder of truck tires.
REINFORCEMENT – Material, usually rubber and fabric, vulcanized to the tire to add strength to the tire cord body at an injury.
REINFORCEMENT REPAIR – See REPAIRED TIRE.
RELUGGING – A method of retreading agricultural and off-the-road tires using hand-applied preformed lugs and kettle cure. See BAND LUGGING.
REMOLDING – A bead-to-bead retreading process by which tread and sidewalls are renewed to give a new tire appearance.
REPAIR GUM – A soft, tacky, usually fast-curing rubber compound used in tire repairing; available in sheet, strip and rope form. Typically used in section and spot repairs.
REPAIR MATERIAL – Specifically designed material (repair units, repair gums, cements, etc.) used during the repair process of a tire or tube.
REPAIR PLUG – Specifically designed material (stems, repair gums, cements, etc.) used during the repair process of a tire.
REPAIR SEALANT – Liquid or semi-solid materials used to cover over-buffed areas around repair units.
REPAIR UNIT (PATCH, PLUG, PATCH/PLUG COMBO) – A specially designed unit made of fabric and/or rubber that is applied to a tire or tube to restore tire and/or tube
integrity.
REPAIRED TIRE – Any tire with punctures, cuts or other types of injuries that have been reconditioned as required to provide additional service life.
Common repair types are:
Puncture Repair:
Off-the-wheel repair(s) of any injury
caused by a penetrating object. (NOTE: The type of
repair is determined by size, depth and location of
injury.)
Reinforcement Repair:
Repairs, larger than a reinforced puncture repair, made to the casing when an
injury has extended through 25% but less than 75%
of the tire body, requiring both filling material and
reinforcing patch.
Section Repair (Bias/Radial Tire):
Repairs, larger
than a reinforced puncture repair, made to the casing
when an injury has extended through 75% or more
of the actual plies, or completely through the casing
in the tread or sidewall areas. The damaged cord is
removed and new cord is replaced in the form of a
patch. (NOTE: The type of repair is determined by
size, depth and location of injury.)
Spot/Surface Repair (Bias Tire):
Repairs made to the
casing by vulcanizing rubber to a tire without using
reinforcing materials and the injury penetrates less
than 25% of the body plies.
Spot/Surface Repair (Radial Tire):
Repairs made to
the casing by vulcanizing rubber to a tire without
using reinforcing materials and the injury does not
extend to the cords.
RESILIENCE – Capacity of rubber to recover its original size and shape after deformation.
RETREADABILITY – Ability of the tire casing to be retreaded and provide acceptable performance.
RETREAD SEPARATION – A separation between the tread rubber and the buffed tire casing.
REVERSION – Deterioration of a rubber compound’s physical properties due to an excessive accumulation of heat history.
RIM – The outer support part of a wheel, usually metal, for a tire or a tire and tube assembly on which the tire beads are seated. See WHEEL.
RIM DIAMETER (NOMINAL) – The named rim diameter within 0.5 inch increments, (22”, 22.5”, 17.5”, etc.).
RIM FLANGE – The part of the rim that supports the bead above the heel and resists lateral internal pressure.
ROLLING RESISTANCE – The resistance of a tire to free rolling.
ROPE RUBBER – Uncured repair gum supplied in continuous cylindrical form to be used in a hand-held extruder, generally for tire repairing.
RUBBER BUFFINGS (BUFFING DUST) – Loosened rubber particles from buffing the tire.
RUBBER CEMENT – See CEMENT.
RUBBER HARDNESS – Resistance of rubber to penetration by blunt point. Durometer “A” hardness tester is commonly used to measure hardness. See DUROMETER HARDNESS.
RUBBER SEPARATION – The lifting or parting of component parts from adjacent rubber parts of the tire.
RUN FLAT CONDITION – Tire damage resulting from operating with low or no air pressure, sometimes identified by repetitive liner cracking or discoloration.
RUN-FLAT TIRE – A pneumatic tire designed to carry the load for a limited distance if the tire is deflated.
RUST – See CORROSION.
SCORCH (CURED RUBBER) – A soft, tacky surface that occurs during the buffing or skiving processes due to excessive heat. Bonding/adhesion will be adversely affected by scorched rubber. See REVERSION.
SCORCH (GREEN RUBBER) – Premature vulcanization of rubber caused by excessive heat during processing. Scorched compounds will not mold properly nor develop
satisfactory adhesive properties.
SCORCH TIME – Time (in minutes) as measured by a laboratory test instrument at which the compound starts to cross-link or vulcanize. It relates to the shelf life and processability of the compound.
SCRAPER – A hand-held tool used to remove contaminants from the inner liner surface prior to mechanical buffing.
SECTION REPAIR – See REPAIRED TIRE.
SECTION WIDTH (CROSS-SECTION WIDTH) – The maximum width of the inflated tire including the normal sidewalls, but not including side ribs, scuff bars or decorations.
SECTIONAL BAG (AIR-STEAM) – A rubberized fabric bag, which is placed inside a tire and inflated in a section mold, that applies pressure for curing to the injured/repaired
area.
SEGMENTED MOLD – Multi-piece mold segments which open to insert a tire and then close together to form a continuous circle.
SEPARATION – Lack of adhesion between any adjacent materials in a tire.
SET-UP – Premature vulcanization of a rubber compound during process or storage.
SHEAROGRAPHY – A non-destructive inspection method using laser technology.
SHELF LIFE – The recommended period of time (stated by the product’s manufacturer) for which that product may be applied and/or utilized before it degrades and/or is no
longer effective or serviceable.
SHOULDER AREA – Transitional area between the tread and sidewall (including the outer edge of the tread and uppermost sidewall area of the tire); in radial tires includes the outer edges of the belts.
SHOULDER RADIUS (BUFFED) – The buffed contour as applied to the shoulder area of the tire.
SIDEWALL AREA – That portion of a tire between the tread and bead area.
SIDEWALL RUBBER – A non-structural element designed to protect the body ply from contact with damaging objects or weathering.
SIDEWALL SEPARATION – A lack of adhesion between components in the sidewall.
SIPE – Relatively small straight, angular or curved slots, other than grooves, molded or cut in the tread surface.
SKID DEPTH – The distance between the tread surface and the deepest groove as measured in the mold. See TREAD DEPTH.
SKIM (SKIM COAT) – Rubber surrounding ply fabric or steel cords.
SKIRT – See MATRIX SKIRT.
SKIVE (SKIVING) – The removal of injured or damaged materials.
SLAB STOCK – Rubber compound cut and taken from a mill in wide, thick strips or sheets.
SOAPSTONE – A soft talc-like powder used as a mold release agent or as an anti-stick.
SOLVENT (RUBBER SOLVENT) – A liquid which will soften and dissolve uncured rubber, dilute cement, remove contaminants and increase the tackiness of uncured
rubber surfaces.
SPACER RING (SPACERS) – A ring inserted between two halves of a matrix which enables the matrix to handle tires of the same diameter, but with greater tread widths
and larger cross sections.
SPECIFICATION – Written requirements for process or materials.
SPECIFIC GRAVITY – Ratio of the weight of a given volume of any substance to that of the same volume of water. The higher the specific gravity, the denser or heavier the substance.
SPLICE – The junction formed by joining the two ends of a tire component.
SPOT REPAIR (BIAS) – See REPAIRED TIRE.
SPOT REPAIR (RADIAL) – See REPAIRED TIRE.
SPOTTER (SPOT PRESS) – A small heat vulcanizing unit used in localized repairing tires and tubes.
SPREADER (TIRE SPREADER) – A machine used for spreading the beads of a tire during inspection and/or repairing.
STANDARD PROFILE (ASPECT RATIO) – Tube-type tires that are 100 aspect ratio; tubeless tires that are 90 aspect ratio.
STANDARD RIM – A rim that meets the precise measurements specified by the Tire and Rim Association, Inc., or other standardizing bodies.
STEAM TRAP – An automatic device for discharging the accumulated water of a steam pipe or vessel, while maintaining pressure.
STEEL BELT PACKAGE – The layering of multiple steel belts designed to stabilize the tread, provide strength, and protect the air chamber from punctures.
STICKLEBACK – A rounded metal hand tool with raised points used to clean and ream injuries in bias ply tires.
STIPPLE (STIPPLING) – To aggressively apply and work in cement with a brush to a buffed surface or exposed cords.
STITCHER – A hand held tool (or power equipment) usedfor stitching. See STITCHING.
STITCHING – A procedure of applying pressure to remove trapped air and improve rubber contact for better adhesion.
STOP RING – A design feature in the mold which stops the flow of new retread rubber. See FLOW RING.
STRIP RUBBER – Uncured rubber in strip form most commonly used in cold feed extruders.
TRIPPING STOCK – An uncured rubber stock used to extend or build up an area.
STRUCTURAL PLIES – Body and belt plies that contribute to casing strength.
TACK – Stickiness of a rubber surface.
TALC – See SOAPSTONE.
TECHNICIAN – A person who has undergone a formal, structured training program and demonstrates the ability and skill to perform specific technical functions.
TEMPLATE (BUFFING TEMPLATE) – A pattern used as a guide in repairing and retreading tires. In repairing, it serves to outline the area to be buffed inside the casing. In retreading, it is used to determine the correct contour of the buffed casing.
TEXTURE – See BUFFED TEXTURE.
THERMOCOUPLE TEST – A cumulative heat study using special equipment to determine the proper cure time.
TIE BARS – Bridge of rubber molded across base of tread groove to stabilize some designs.
TIRE – See below.
TIRE, BIAS PLY/DIAGONAL
– A pneumatic tire in
which the ply cords extending to the beads are laid at
alternate angles substantially less than 90° angle to
the center line of the tread.
TIRE, BELTED BIAS
– A pneumatic tire with a bias ply
casing and reinforcing belts extending from shoulder
to shoulder (usually at about a 25° angle).
TIRE, RADIAL
– A pneumatic tire structure in which
the casing ply cords extend to the beads and are laid
substantially at 90° angle to the center line of the
tread, the casing being stabilized by an essentially
inextensible circumferential belt.
TIRE PAINT – A black paint, compatible with the tire, used to enhance the appearance of a tire.
TOLERANCE – The amount of variation allowed from a specification.
TOP CAPPING – A mold cure retread process where only the tread is replaced.
TREAD – That portion of a tire that comes in contact with the road surface.
TREAD DEPTH – The distance measured from the tread surface to the bottom of the grooves in a tire.
TREAD DEPTH GAUGE – Instrument used for measurement of depth of tread design grooves in 32nds of an inch or in millimeters.
TREAD DESIGN – The pattern/design on the tire’s tread.
TREAD GROOVES – The space between two adjacent tread ribs, lugs or bars.
TREAD GUM – A rubber compound designed to make a tread-area repair.
TREAD RADIUS – A measure of the tread surface curvature from shoulder to shoulder.
TREAD RIB – A continuous circumferential element of a tread design.
TREAD ROLLER – A roller, either manual or power, used to help apply the tread rubber, remove trapped air, and improve adhesion.
TREAD RUBBER – Compounded, natural or synthetic rubber which is placed on a buffed casing and vulcanized to provide a new wearing surface.
TREAD RUBBER EXTRUDER – A machine designed to convert strip rubber into the required profile for application directly to the prepared casing.
TREAD RUBBER (TREAD STOCK) – Rubber compound which will replace the worn tire tread.
TREAD SEPARATION – A lack of adhesion between the tread and the tire casing.
TREAD WEAR – The normal loss of tread rubber due to abrasion during tire service.
TREAD WEAR INDICATORS – Narrow bars of rubber molded at a height of 2/32-inch (2 mm) across the bottom of the tread grooves. Tire tread worn to 2/32nds must be removed
from service.
TREAD WIDTH – The measurement across the tread face of a tire from shoulder edge, which defines the usable width of the tread pattern.
TUBELESS – A pneumatic tire that does not require an inner tube for air retention.
TUBE-TYPE – A pneumatic tire that requires an inner tube for air retention.
UNDERCURE – A condition which describes less than acceptable vulcanization.
UNDERINFLATION – Tire having less than recommended air pressure for the load being carried. Tire may build up excessive heat that may be dangerous and could result in
sudden tire destruction.
UNDERTREAD – The gauge of the rubber between the bottom of the tread grooves and outermost ply or belt.
UNIFORMITY – A measure of the tire’s ability to run smoothly and vibration free. Some examples of uniformity measurements are, tire balance, out of round condition or
radial and lateral run-out.
UNSERVICEABLE – See R.A.R.
VALLEY DIE – An extruded die size configuration, which from a cross view shows the shoulders higher than the center portion.
VALVE STEM – Tube through which air flows in or out of a tube or tubeless tire.
VENEERING – Application of a thin layer of rubber materials used in bead-to-bead retreading to cover the prepared sidewall.
VENT HOLE – Small holes through the matrix, which allow air to escape and the rubber to flow and fill out the tread design.
VENTING – A procedure performed on bias tires to facilitate the evacuation of air.
VENTING, CASING – The act of partially perforating a bias tire through the outer rubber into the fabric, which allows trapped air to escape without loss of tire air-retention
ability.
VENTING, REPAIR – Cord or string used to allow air to escape from the repaired area and the fabric tire casing to the exterior of the tire.
VISCOSITY – See MOONEY VISCOSITY and PLASTICITY.
VOIDS – Air pockets within the structure of a tire (Example: within or under the retread tread rubber.)
VULCANIZATION – A chemical reaction which takes place under appropriate time, temperature, and pressure. See CURE.
VULCANIZING CEMENT – See CEMENT and CHEMICAL VULCANIZING CEMENT for chemical curing.
WARNING – Indicates a potentially hazardous situation, which if not avoided, could result in death or serious injury (ANSI-535.2, Environmental and Facility Safety Signs).
WEATHER CHECKING – See OZONE CHECKING.
WHEEL – A combined rim and disk with a bolthole pattern for securing the tire assembly to the vehicle.
WICK (WICKING MATERIAL) – Material or device used in precured retread systems to allow free passage of air to atmosphere. In mold cure retreading, wicks may be built into tire using cord to allow trapped air in casing to escape during cure.
WICKING – An act of air escapement from the tire casing or from under an envelope by means of the wick.
WIRE BRUSH – A hand held tool (or attachment to a power tool) that is used to clean and texturize surfaces prior to retreading and/or repairing.
X-RAY – A non-destructive inspection method using electromagnetic radiation passed through an object to provide a photographic image.
ZIPPER RUPTURE – As a result of being operated significantly underinflated and/or overloaded, multiple ply cords break, thus creating a circumferential rupture in the upper sidewall area of a steel cord radial tire and is accompanied by instantaneous air loss and explosive force.
Casing Jockey 